地盤圍板 | Hoarding

Tozenji Incident & H.B.M. Legation at Yedo, 5/7/1861

1. [ 寫真東禪寺 ]

1858年，英日簽訂《友好通商條約》，幕府承諾，59年7月1日（安政六年六月二日）開放長崎、神奈川 ( Kanagawa-juku )、函館三港。59 年3 月 1 日，英廷任命英國駐上海領事 John Rutherford Alcock (1809-1897；阿禮國)，為首任英國駐日總領事 (H.M. Consul-General in Japan 1/3/59, and Minister Plenipotentiary 23/12/59)。5 月 3 日，Alcock 於香港接受任命，16 日離港，於 6 月 4 日（五月三日）經上海抵達長崎。 6月20日（五月廿日），Alcock 乘坐軍艦 HMS Sampson，從長崎出發前往江戶城 (Edo / Yeddo / Jaddo / Jeda；今日東京都)， 以趕及於 7月1日條約開港日，互換日英修好通商條約。

6月26日（五月廿六日）Alcock 抵達品川(suburb of Sinagawa / Shinagawa ) 外海，當時幕府為各國使節，安排寺廟作為臨時寓所，而英國使團，就有高輪的東禪寺（To-Sen-Ji / Tozenji Temple）。

7月1日（六月二日），Alcock 前往江戶城對出的條約港神奈川視察，方知所謂神奈川開港，其實是與神奈川隔河對岸的一個小漁村，名為橫濱（Yakuama / Yokohama）。當時的橫濱，已經開始興建港口設施，以及外國人居留地。另外，由於駐江戶各國使館選址待定，7月6日（六月七日），Alcock 以東禪寺開設英國駐日公使館。公使館選址，要去到 61年2月，幕府與各國使節商定後，才定址位於東海道第一宿場（Shukuba）品川 的御殿山，並開始建築工程。

左邊四幅照相的地點，就是剛成立的東禪寺英國公使館，攝影師為 Pierre Joseph Rossier ( 1829 Grandsivaz, Switzerland – 1886 Paris )。他於 58年7月7日，以 Negretti and Zambra 攝影師身份，來到香港。他以香港為落腳點，寓居於 Commercial Hotel（今日陸佑行），以便到周邊地區，拍攝遠東風情。之前介紹過，今日存世香港最早兩幅照片，就是出自 Rossier 58年時手筆。

按 Terry Bennett 研究，1859年6月，Rossier 剛由菲律賓返港，隨即前往長崎，並於 20日，趕上軍艦 HMS Sampson，隨公使 Alcock 前往江戶城，之後，相信於 59年7月開幕期間、或不遲於 60年2月，到東禪寺，拍下公使館內情景。當中有四張以立體鏡拍攝的照片（Stereo card of a stereoscope），日後為 Negretti and Zambra 所選中，編入一輯相片集內以發行，起題為：-

🖼️ no. 55. Entrance to the Residence of the British Minister, Mr. Alcock, at Jeda.
🖼️ no. 56. General View of the Residence of the British Minister, Mr. Alcock, at Jeda.
🖼️ no. 57. Group of Japanese Officers, with Mr. Gower. Attachés to the British Legation at Jeda.
🖼️ no. 60. Group of Japanese Officers, with Messrs Macdonald, Gower, and Fletcher. Attachés to the British Legation at Jeda.

當中 57, 60 照片所見三位 Attaché，分別為：-

💠 MACDONALD, John (1831-66 橫浜): 約60年，駐日公使館學生譯員（student interpreter）

💠 GOWER, Abel Anthony James (1836 - 1899)：出生意大利的英國人，1855年4月，為港督寶靈新任私人秘書。學生譯員 Alabaster 初認識時，形容他 ❝ a rum fellow. Not up to English ways. Eccentric & awfully polite. ❞。後來派到廣州領事館，59年任命為駐日公使館書記官。

💠 FLETCHER, Lachland (1833-69 橫浜)：1857年來到長崎學習日文，58年開英語課，同時任職駐長崎領事館，之後，派到駐日公使館當學生譯員。

Robert Fortune 於 1860年11月，曾到訪東禪寺，他用文字詳述使館，當中參道 (Entrance to the Residence)，以及寺內花園 (General View of the Residence)：-

❝ The British Legation ... It stands at the head of a little valley, hacked behind and on each side by low richly-wooded hills, somewhat in the form of a horse-shoe, and open in front to the Bay of Yedo [江戸湾 / 東京湾]. The situation is exceedingly picturesque and beautiful. A fine wide avenue [參道], some 200 yards in length, leads up from the bay to the residence of the English Minister. Ornamental gateways stretch over the avenue and give it a pretty appearance, and here and there I observed some large examples of Pinus Massoniana, Cryptomeria japonica, Salisburia adiantifolia, Podocarpus macrophyllus, camellias, &c.

❝ A garden situated in the rear of the buildings of the Legation, although small in extent, is one of the most charming little spots I ever beheld. The circular hill already noticed rises up behind, and forms a background to the picture : this hill is richly covered with trees of great size and beauty ; particularly some fine evergreen oaks, seeds of which Mr. Alcock has sent to Kew. On the lower part of the hill there is some pretty rockwork covered with maples, azaleas, camellias, and other plants, with a species of plum, whose branches hung down like a weeping willow. At the base there is a small lake of irregular and pleasing form, extending the whole width of the garden, and between this and the temple there is a little lawn which gives a quiet and pleasing finish to the whole.

❝ To complete the picture as it appeared to me it was a bright autumnal day ; an old maple-tree, with blood-red leaves, was hanging over the lake at one end — an azalea, with leaves of a glowing crimson, was seen in groups at the other ; patches of red, purple, and of almost every hue, met the eye in all directions, and produced a striking effect, backed as they were by the deep green of the camellia, evergreen oak, and pine. As the large trees in the background threw a shade over some parts of the garden, while the sun’s rays streamed through other parts, or shone full upon the varied colours, the effect produced made one almost fancy oneself in some fairy land. Little walks led through amongst the bushes over the hill-side, where the different plants can be minutely examined, and where shade can be had from the fierce rays of the sun. A fine avenue has been made on the top of the eastern spur, extending down towards the bay, whence a delightful view to seaward can be obtained, and where exercise and the cool morning and evening breezes can be enjoyed, without the nuisance of being followed by the officials of the Japanese Government [役人] an annoyance to which every one has to submit if he moves out of the grounds of the temple. ❞

至於對幕府所派遣隨行役人（Yakonin / Yakunin / Yakoneens / official / functionary / mandarin )，Fortune 的感受，亦著墨不少。役人既是官員，同時不少是藩士，所以有一定社會地位 ：

❝ Yakoneens, or Government officers, who are in fact the police of the country. Their rank, however, seems of a much higher grade than that of such persons in Europe, and they are treated with marked respect by all classes of the natives, who appear to stand greatly in awe of them. These officers are armed, each having two swords ; and they are supposed to guard the foreigner in case of attack or insult by the way ...

❝ The gardens and grounds of the Legation are surrounded by a high wooden fence, and the gates are guarded by armed yakoneens [役人]. If any of the members of the Legation or their visitors pass out of this enclosure, they are immediately followed by some of these men. If the foreigner prefers a walk they walk after him ; or if he goes out on horseback they follow in the same style. For some time this proceeding was thought to be quite unnecessary, and it was supposed that these men acted merely as spies, to report all the doings of the foreigners. The Japanese Government have always maintained that the system was necessary for our protection ; and although it has no doubt signally failed in some instances, as for example, in the case of poor Mr. Heuskin the American interpreter, yet I have no doubt in my own mind that many lives have been saved by means of it ... It is true that we were always followed by the guard of yakoneens, but one had only to fancy himself a person of great importance — a prince or a noble in the far East — and this body-guard was easily endured. I found them always perfectly civil, and often of great use in showing me the right road. ❞

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2. [ 前赴江戶 ]

開港兩年後，有來自不同背景的人，正在趕赴東禪寺。

🙎‍♂️ 畫家 Charles Wirgman (1832 – 1891 ワーグマン)，早於 1857年4月29日，以 Illustrated London News（倫敦新聞畫報）特約通訊員身份，抵達香港，去報道自 56年10月起，港粵之間「亞羅戰事」。戰事因印度兵變，一再延宕，至 57年12月，英軍攻陷廣東省城，成立臨時政府，而 Wirgman 亦遷到廣州府。60年3月，英法聯軍北上，戰事升級，Wirgman 亦隨軍上大沽口、京城報導。同年 10月，英清簽訂「北京條約」，戰事平息。

查「北華捷報」，1861年 約4月19日，Wirgman 乘香港航班「舟山號」（Chusan, Capt. Bessley）到上海，同船有新任英國上海領事 Walter Henry Medhurst (1822–1885 麥華陀)，4月25日抵達長崎，並於 6月1日，隨駐日公使 Alcock，沿陸路由長崎前往江戶東禪寺。這次是 Wirgman 首度訪日，他曾經走遍各地，而日本之旅，改變他一生。

🙎‍♂️🙎‍♂️ 翻查「北華捷報」，公使 Alcock 於 61 年 4 月下旬，帶同書記官 Abel A.J. Gower（見圖），乘軍艦 H.M.S. Encounter，約 4月26日經上海，南下香港。此行目的，是處理 Moss 事件的善後事宜，事件中，英藉猶太人 Micheal Moss（W. Pustau & Co.）於橫濱槍傷一名日籍役人(Yakonin / Yakunin / Yakoneens )，Moss 於神奈川領使館受審，裁定有罪並遞解香港。Alcock 受到相當大輿論壓力，去到香港，其判決亦被推翻。期間，Alcock 亦收到俄國軍艦，佔據日本對馬島的報告，在與英國東印度艦隊（East Indies and China Station）司令James Hope上將磋商後，Hope 派遣兩艘軍艦，前往對馬島進行偵察。

之後，Alcock 由香港乘「鐵行」郵輪「鴯鶓號」(S.S. Emeu [1854], 1,538 tons) ，大概於 5月17日，抵達上海。逗留個多星期後，約 24日，再乘軍艦 H.M.S. Ringdove （Craigle）， 於5月底到達長崎。長崎之於日本，猶如清國廣州府，一直是封閉日本的唯一國門。當時對外人而言，新開放的日本，有如謎一般國度，Alcock 想親身了解日本國內的情況， 於是按條約可通行日本國內的權利，放棄海路，循陸路橫貫日本走一趟，同行共有十二人：-

🙎‍♂️ 長崎領事 George Staunton Morrison (馬禮遜之子)

🙎‍♂️ 荷蘭駐日總領事 Jan Karel de Wit

🙎‍♂️ 隨行書記官 Abel A.J. Gower

🙎‍♂️ 新到特約通訊員 Charles Wirgman

🙎‍♂️ 日籍役人五人、通詞二人。

於是，1861年6月1日（文久元年四月廿三日），從長崎出發，沿瀨戶內海，自然走「東海道」 (Tokaido or East Sea Route, the Imperial highway )，前後共 34天旅程，最終 7月4日（五月廿七日），返回江戶，東海道旁的東禪寺。

🙎‍♂️ 與此同時，英廷就江戶使館有新任命。Laurence Oliphant (1829-1888, オリファント)，於 53至61年間，為 Lord Elgin（1811-1863 James Bruce 額爾金伯爵）秘書。憑籍豐富外事以及遠東經驗，61年初，被任命為日本英國公使館一等書記官（First Secretary of the British Legation in Japan），當公使休假時，可署理公使職務。

Overland China Mail 於 1861年4月15日，對日本政策以及 Oliphant，有以下評論：-

❝ There seems to be on all sides a desire to avoid the mistakes which, twenty years ago, we made in dealing with their neighbours the Chinese. The system of always appealing to arms is beginning to be felt as not only unjust, but also as profitless, and this last consideration is at length beginning to have its own weight. The English public will, for some time to come, preserve their acquaintance with Japan through the medium of the illustrated press, an artist having set out on a professional tour through that pleasant land .... The appointment of Mr. Laurence Oliphant as Japanese Secretary of Legation is likely to result in good, that gentleman's abilities and principles equally fitting him for such as situation. ❞

查「北華捷報」等報章，61年（文久元年）4月4日，Oliphant 由修咸頓港出發，經馬賽，並於印度轉乘「北平號」，5月22日到香港。當 Oliphant 31日抵達上海， Alcock 已經離開上海有一個星期，但因循海路走， Oliphant 6月底已到達江戶，比公使 Alcock 還早到東禪寺。長途跋涉，Oliphant 之後好多行李仍未開箱，當中包括篋內手槍。

🙎‍♂️「夷狄である外人男性に神州日本が穢された」
61 年 6 月間， Alcock 這趟內陸旅程，得罪攘夷派藩士，雖然事後有不同講法，總而言之，就是英夷對日本一次侮辱。

早在 1858年，就國家政策開放與否，幕府內分裂成開國派與攘夷派，攘夷派高舉「尊王攘夷」口號，奉「御門」（Mikado）之名行事。59年，幕府「大老」（Tairō），開國派井伊直弼 （Ii Naosuke），對「御三家」之一，攘夷派的水戶藩主德川齊昭下「永蟄居」令，軟禁終身，事件觸發連串後果。許多水戶藩士不服，紛紛脫籓，社會上出現大量攘夷派浪人（loonin / rōnin）、藩士，在全國流走串連。隨開國政策推行，幕政中開國派，於社會權威日漸喪失，尊王攘夷運動開始激化，拉開往後以刺殺來達至政治目的的序幕。

今次，水戶藩浪士要找 Alcock 晦氣，7月5日（五月廿八日），十四浪人，就在品川上岸集結，向東禪寺進發。

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3. [ 繪寫東禪寺 ]

讀者不妨翻看一次 Shogun，夜襲真田廣之那幕。

7月5日（五月廿八日）， 即返回江戶翌日，晚上約10時半，十四名攘夷派水戶藩浪人，直闖英國公使館東禪寺。當時駐使館日本役人，大概百六人，有浪人仍能突入館內，並遇上一等秘書 Oliphant 以及長崎領事 Morrison。當時 Oliphant 的手槍，仍留在旅行箱內，黑暗中，他隨手以馬鞭抵抗。Alcock 就事發經過，有以下描述：

❝ I had only returned from Kanagawa four-and twenty hours, bringing Mr. Morrison [ 長崎領事 ] and another gentleman [ 應該指 Wirgman ] with me, on a visit to Yedo — the Legation being further augmented by Mr. Oliphant ［一等書記官］and Mr. Russell — when the long-threatened onslaught roused us all from our beds a little before midnight. Frequently as I had been warned that such a deed was actually in contemplation, I confess I felt incredulous when Mr. Robertson, who, previous to his retiring to rest, always takes the duty of going through the premises, came to tell me that there was a conflict going on outside, and that men were forcing their way through the gates. I had barely time to seize my revolver and advance a few steps, when I heard blows and cries, and the report of a pistol in the passage which runs at the end of my apartment. The next moment both Mr. Oliphant and Mr. Morrison staggered forward, exclaiming that they were wounded, and I saw the blood flowing profusely from the former, whose left arm was disabled. Mr. Russell, Mr. Robertson, and Mr. Lowder followed; the rest of the Legation were missing. Uncertain how many our assailants were, or from how many quarters the attack might be effected (since a Japanese house is open on all sides, and every partition consists entirely of doors and windows only, or sliding-panels offering no resistance), a brief interval of intense anxiety followed, while I stood in momentary expectation of seeing men pour in from the passage in pursuit. After a short lull, some of the band were heard outside the apartment adjoining my bedroom breaking their way through some glazed doors. Exposed to attack from every side, with no sign of a yakoneen or guard, several minutes were thus passed, two of our number disabled, and the rest of us standing at hay with such arms as had been hastily seized. Our enemies had evidently mistaken their way, and the increased distance of the shouts and yells gave reason to hope they had at last been come up with by the yakoneens, and had sought their safety by leaving the house. To escape from a state of intolerable suspense I went towards the principal entrance for a moment, and to Mr. Macdonald's room, to ascertain, if possible, what had become of him. While on my way we thought they had returned in force, seeing at the further end of the passage a number of armed men advancing, who would not answer our challenge...

❝ The next morning the Legation looked as if it had been sacked after a serious conflict. Screens and mats were all spotted with blood, the former thrown down, broken, and torn ; furniture and bedding all hacked, books even cut through by their sabres, and the marks of fury and violence everywhere. That our guards fought, there is no doubt whatever ; but it is equally clear that they were, as I always asserted, utterly ineffective against a surprise ; and, in truth, they left the Legation, notwithstanding their great superiority in numbers, at least ten minutes to its own resources, during which time the loonins [浪士] were in possession trying to discover the inmates... ❞

刺殺行動失敗告終，使館人員中，除少數役人，就只有 Oliphant 以及 Morrison 受傷，之後送上船接受治理。事件對 Morrison 打擊似乎最深，他日後辭退長崎領事，返回英國。

當是時，有份內陸行的記者 Wirgman ，亦身在其中，並將其經歴，圖文並茂，向 Illustrated London News 讀者展現。當中手繪有三幅，分別為：-

🖼️ Night Bivouac of the Yacunins in the Garden of the Legation，Jeddo

🖼️ Midnight Scene in Mr Alcock's Room at To-Sen-Ji, Jeddo

🖼️ Attack on Messrs. Oliphant and Morrison

關於東禪寺， Wirgman 另外還有多一幅水彩畫，流存於日本本土，題為「東禅寺浪士乱入図」(The Yacunins defending the legation against attack；笠間日動美術館蔵)。Wirgman 成為第一位，將現代西方水彩畫引入日本的人。雖然 Wirgman 並非精通西洋畫技法，但他的水彩畫，自幕末聞名於日本，足以吸引，日後立志成為西洋畫家的日本年輕藝術家。明治初期，五稲田吉松（1855-1915）和高橋雄一（1828-1894）均曾師從 Wirgman，受到他的影響。

當時人心惶惶，鬼影重重，Robert Fortune 於事件之後，61年7月見聞:-

❝ ... Then another Dutchman, who was sleeping at the hotel of the town, was alarmed by a two-sworded man entering his bedroom in the dead of the night, in search, it was supposed, of the correspondent of the ‘ Illustrated London News,’ ［即 Wirgman] then staying at the hotel, who had also been another of the offending overland party. The good Dutchman was greatly alarmed, and did not appreciate the honour of being killed in the place of “Our own Correspondent.” There were sceptics amongst us who did not credit these rumours, and I merely mention them to show the state of alarm which then existed. ❞

東禪寺事件後，英軍獲準駐紮使館，英軍軍艦亦進駐橫濱港。8月13日（七月八日），James Hope 率領艦隊抵達日本，8月14日（七月九日）Alcock 與幕府代表，進行一次為期兩天的秘密會議，參與者只有公使 Alcock、海軍 Hope、負傷的 Oliphant、幕府「老中」（Gorogio / Rōjū / Council of Elders / Great Council）安藤信正、「若年寄」酒井忠眦 以及 一名通譯。正是在這裡，Alcock 了解到，幕府開國派權威正在衰落。從 1860年，幕府一直要求延後開放新潟、兵庫、江戶和大阪等港口和城市，但一直遭到 Alcock 拒絕。今次會面後，Alcock意識到了推遲開放的必要性，取態大變，並支持幕府，派遣使節前往歐洲。當中，Alcock 安排日本使節，參加定於 62年5月1日開幕的倫敦萬國博覽會，他本人亦回國，直接向英國政府呼籲，推遲開放港口和城市。與此同時，又向幕府施壓力，要俄國軍艦撤出對馬島。 9月19日（八月十五日），俄軍艦最終離開對馬島。

©️ Crumbtracker 23/4/2025

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延伸閱讀：-
The British Embassy at To-Sen-Ji, Jeddo, Japan
https://www.facebook.com/share/v/1Dcv8untjU/

Charles Wirgman (31/8/1832 London - 8/2/1891 Yokohama)
https://www.facebook.com/share/p/192RE9oJZL/
https://www.facebook.com/share/v/1FZQYToDTk/